501. New York :,Communism and its demise. Real socialism. Decline and fall of socialism. The demise of communism in Central Europe. The collapse of the Soviet Union -- Shock therapy vs. gradualism. The radical reform program : a big bang. Gradual reform programs. Rent seeking : the scourge of transition. Criticism of radical reform after the Russian financial crash -- Output : slump and recovery. Sharp decline in recorded output and varied recovery. Exaggeration of the slump. Radical reform : least decline and early recovery. Late reformers : surged after 1998 -- Liberalization : the creation of a market economy. Different strategies of deregulation. Liberalization of foreign trade. Labor market policy. Combat of monopoly : gas and coal. A big bang : vital in deregulation -- From hyperinflation to financial stability. Establishing national currencies. Radical fiscal adjustment was key. Tax policy : from social democratic to liberal. Monetary policy : from loose to strict. Exchange rates : currency board or free float. Dramas of financial stabilization -- Privatization : the establishment of private property rights. Differing aims of privatization. Small-scale privatization : if started, swiftly done. Large-scale privatization : the biggest headache. Privatization of land, real estate, and housing. New enterprise development : the ultimate success. Great achievements of privatization. Vital : speed and legitimacy of property rights -- An inefficient social system. Incomes : differentiation and poverty. Life and health. Education adjusting to demand. Social transfers and pension reform. Alternative social models -- Democracy vs authoritarianism. Democratic breakthrough : critical for successful transformation. An under-reform trap. Renewed democratization : colored revolutions. Parties, electoral rules, and constitutions. How to tame the leviathan : reform of the communist state. Public opinion and ideology. Democracy and democracy aid -- From crime toward law. An explosion of crime. Attempts at building a legal system. Corruption : the bane of transition -- The role of oligarchs. Who are the oligarchs? The economics of oligarchy. The politics of oligarchy. Complaints : a matter of ideology. A question of property rights. Putin's alternative : centralized dictatorship -- The role of international assistance. The dream of Europe. Western failure to act in the East. Trade policy : a gulf between the EU and the CIS. International assistance : insufficient but crucial -- Conclusions : a world transformed. Different models. Achievements and r

المؤلف:

المکتبة: كتابخانه مجلس شوراي اسلامى (طهران)

503. North-South trade, employment, and inequality :

المؤلف:

المکتبة: کتابخانه مطالعات اسلامی به زبان های اروپایی (قم)

موضوع: Income distribution-- United States.,International division of labor.,International trade.,Labor market-- Developing countries.,Labor market.,Unemployment-- Europe.,Labor market.,Income-- United States.,Unemployment-- Europe.,International trade.,Chômage-- Europe.,Commerce international.,Division internationale du travail.,Marché du travail-- Pays en voie de développement.,Marché du travail.,Revenu-- Répartition-- États-Unis.,Arbeidsmarkt.,Chômage-- Europe.,Commerce extérieur et emploi-- Pays industrialisés.,Commerce extérieur et emploi.,Commerce international.,Commerce international.,Commerce-- Pays en voie de développement.,Commerce.,Division internationale du travail.,Income distribution.,Inégalités sociales.,Inkomensverdeling.,International division of labor.,International trade.,Internationale handel.,Labor market.,Marché du travail-- Disparités régionales.,Marché du travail.,Noord-Zuidverhouding.,Pays en développement.,Relations Nord-Sud.,Revenu-- Répartition-- États-Unis.,UE/CE Etats membres.,Unemployment.,Developing countries, Commerce.,Developing countries, Commerce.,Pays en voie de développement, Commerce.,Developing countries.,Europe.,United States., 0, 4, 6, 7, 7, 7

رده :
HD5852
.
W65
1994